Another team defined MVMs as "full-spectrum" products providing all 12 vitamins plus 10 minerals [9]. Many types of MVMs, the focus of this fact sheet, are available in the marketplace. Your OB's Choice for a Healthy Pregnancy. Adding omega-3 fatty acids, lutein and zeaxanthin, or both to the AREDS formulation did not further reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD. Cancer Small Business Research Grant Program (SBIR), About Research Training and Career Development, Training Grant Application, Review, and Award Process, Integrative Medicine Research Lecture Series, Division of Extramural Research Sponsored by NCCIH, Division of Intramural Research Conducted at NCCIH, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 20152020, How To Find Information About Complementary Health Approaches on PubMed, Most individuals can get all of the necessary vitamins and minerals through a healthy eating pattern of nutrient-dense foods. Therefore, these terms refer to products that have widely varying compositions [5]. Risk of deficiency in multiple concurrent micronutrients in children and adults in the United States. An ancillary study to COSMOS, known as COSMOS-Mind, enrolled 2,262 of the older COSMOS participants (mean age 73 years) to investigate whether the cocoa extract, MVM, or both supplements might improve cognition as compared to placebo over 3 years of daily use [43]. Multivitamins and minerals are also used to treat vitamin or mineral deficiencies caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition, digestive disorders, certain medications, and many other conditions. For example, several B vitamins are necessary for basic survival function, such as converting glucose from food into cellular energy (adenosine triphosphate . Below mentioned are some of the details about this product. Product Presentation. Data from the later AREDS2 study showed that a supplement formulation containing the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin instead of beta-carotene was safer and more effective in slowing the progression of AMD. Saturated fat : A type of fat found in abundance in butter, whole milk, ice cream, full-fat cheese, fatty meats, poultry skin, and palm and coconut . A randomized trial. Therapeutic Vitamins/Minerals Capsule - Uses, Side Effects, and More Generic Name(S): multivitamin with min no.7-FA, multivitamin,tx-minerals View Free Coupon However, the quality of the studies was generally poor, most had small samples (as few as 20 participants), and they used different MVs and MVMs and outcome measures. Carbohydrates, such as cellulose, pass through the human intestinal tract undigested. Huang H-Y, Caballero B, Chang S, Alberg AJ, Semba RD, Schneyer C, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1492-8. Disclaimer: This content has been produced purely for informational and educational purposes only and is never intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical guidelines including diagnosis, advice, and treatment. In one study, for example, investigators assessed the diets and use of MVMs in a large multiethnic cohort of 90,771 men and women ages 45 and older from Los Angeles and Hawaii [16]. Yetley, EA. Depending on their formulations, MVMs can help individuals obtain adequate amounts of these nutrients, except for potassium (because MVMs contain only very small amounts of this mineral) and dietary fiber. New technologies have allowed innovators to discover the mechanisms of action behind the efficacy of specific strains and bacteria-enhancing combinations, through advanced assay analysis, translational models, and even deep dives into public health data. The FNB notes that RDAs and AIs for nutrients are levels of intake to ingest, on average, each day from the diet [6]. [. USES: This medication is a multivitamin product used to treat or prevent vitamin deficiency due to poor diet, certain illnesses, or during pregnancy. Phytochemicals present in honey can mitigate the primary mechanisms of oxidative stress and are deliberated as nutraceutical food responsible for mitigating risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Manufacturers sometimes offer these MVMs in packs of two or more pills for users to take daily. The studies included a total of 2,019,862 participants with a mean age of 57.8 years and had a mean duration of 11.6 years. A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed contains publication information and (in most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. [, Johnstone JM, Hughes A, Goldenberg JZ, Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ. Observational studies Some experts have hypothesized that MVM use might reduce the incidence of CVD or rates of deaths from this disease, possibly because certain nutrients in these products might reduce blood pressure or affect vascular function. Nutrition Business Journal. Am J Clin Nutr 2007:85:318S-22S. Pregnancy vitamin with Omega-3 for baby's brain development. This document does not contain all possible side effects and others may occur. Vitamin and mineral supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The recommended dietary amount for lactating women ages 19-50 is 120 mg and pregnant women is 85 mg.2. The brand name of Lycopene Multivitamin and Multimineral Capsules presented by Creogenic Pharma is CREPENE. Men. The SU.VI.MAX study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining, increased urination, stomach bleeding, uneven heart rate, confusion, and muscle weakness or limp feeling. [, Sesso HD, Christen WG, Bubes V, Smith JP, MacFadyen J, Schvartz M, et al. The mechanisms of action of bitter melon in the reduction of blood glucose in relation to T2DM and AD. JAMA. Multiple outcomes An evidence review commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) included 78 RCTs with 324,837 participants and 6 cohort studies with 390,689 participants [49]. The results showed no significant associations between MV or MVM use and risk of major CVD events, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and CVD death. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) As with some observational studies, some RCTs have suggested that MVM use has potential health benefits, but others have found no such benefits. Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. The supplement did not reduce incidence or mortality rates for esophageal cancer or the rate of mortality from any cause. Prenatal supplements generally provide no vitamin A in the form of retinol, and most childrens MVMs provide age-appropriate amounts of nutrients. Over an average follow-up period of 6.3 years, the supplements significantly reduced the risk of progression from intermediate to advanced AMD by 28% and reduced rates of loss of visual acuity by 27%. Join the ODS Email List. ET, or . Effects of multivitamin supplement on cataract and age-related macular degeneration in a randomized trial of male physicians. Honey possesses antimicrobial, anti . J Nutr 2015;572-8. Long-term multivitamin supplementation and cognitive function in men: A randomized trial. MVMs providing nutrients in recommended amounts do not ordinarily interact with medications, with one important exception. Prevalence of dietary supplement use in US children and adolescents, 2003-2014. It is reasonably priced, and there's enough product to last a single cat about a month. The trials included 141,849 pregnant people from low- or middle-income countries in Africa and Asia as well as in Mexico (where malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are not uncommon); only one of the studies was conducted in a high-income country, the United Kingdom. Vitamins A, C, D and E were used alone, in combination or with other nutritional and non . Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining . Clinical trials, where individuals are randomly assigned to take the dietary supplement or a placebo, are better than observational studies for determining whether MVMs might affect disease risk. Effects of cocoa extract and a multivitamin on cognitive function: A randomized clinical trial. Function: It is necessary for producing energy and hormones. Many multivitamin products also contain minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc. [, Neuhouser ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Thomson C, Aragaki A, Anderson GL, Manson JE, et al. Varying definitions of MVMs and the ability of manufacturers to change the composition of their products at will further complicate the study of MVMs' potential health impacts because different studies do not use products of similar composition. Participants in these studies used a wide variety of MVMs containing different combinations and amounts of nutrients. Well, different vitamins and minerals in a prenatal vitamin work in different ways. Women who took more than one MV or MVM daily had a 53% higher risk of oropharyngeal cancer but a 35% lower risk of leukemia. In another RCT of 18,314, smokers, former smokers, and asbestos-exposed persons, participants who took a combination of 30 mg/day of beta-carotene plus 25,000 IU/day of vitamin A (as retinol) had a 28% higher lung cancer risk than those taking a placebo after an average 4-year follow-up period [65]. A lack of these vitamins and minerals typically impairs blood health and the conversion of macronutrients into usable energy (i.e., ATP). They belong to the micro nutrients and are required for normal metabolism in layer poultry. However, MVMs cannot take the place of the variety of foods that are important to a healthy diet, because foods provide other nutrients and components that have benefits for health. In general, MVMs might help people who do not eat a nutritious variety of foods to obtain adequate amounts of essential nutrients. Similarly, the American Heart Association advises against the use of MVMs to prevent CVD because scientific studies have found them to be of no value for this purpose [52]. Evidence on the link between MVM use and cancer risk includes a meta-analysis of eight cohort and case-control studies published before August 2010 that evaluated the association between consumption of MVs and MVMs and breast cancer risk [20]. Some experts have hypothesized that MVM use might increase the chance of a healthy birth outcome. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining, increased urination, stomach bleeding, uneven heart rate, confusion, and muscle weakness or limp feeling. Clinical trials and observational studies to assess the chronic disease benefits and risks of multivitamin-multimineral supplements. Some evidence from RCTs has focused on the use of MVMs to reduce the risk of various chronic diseases. Institute of Medicine], Food and Nutrition Board. Vitamin B5. . Taking excess vitamin A (as retinol or other preformed forms of vitamin A but not beta-carotene) during pregnancy can increase the risk of birth defects in infants. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Vitamin D, iron, and zinc are three important ones. On the whole, the . [, Qato DM, Alexander GC, Guadamuz JS, Lindau ST. [, Wassertheil-Smoller S, McGinn AP, Budrys N, Chlebowski R, Ho GY, Johnson KC, et al. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that people capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 mcg/day of folic acid from fortified foods, dietary supplements, or both [6,53]. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), which was led by NIHs National Eye Institute and concluded in 2001, showed that daily high doses of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and the minerals zinc and coppercalled the AREDS formulationcan help slow the progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a blinding eye disease. [, Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, Kim Y-I, Josse RG, Vieth R, et al. MVMs taken once a day that contain all or most vitamins and minerals, most in amounts that do not exceed the Daily Values (DVs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), or Adequate Intakes (AIs) for these nutrients. Next: . Smokers and, possibly, former smokers should avoid MVM products providing large amounts of beta-carotene or vitamin A because two studies have linked these nutrients to an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers [63]. Men and women who reported taking more than one MV or MVM daily at the beginning of the study had an 18% lower risk of developing colon cancer than nonusers. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010. Some published reports of studies of dietary supplements use the generic term "multivitamins" to include products with and without minerals. Studies of MVMs that have focused on cancer have been observational. Hypersegmented Neutrophils. The difference between vitamins and minerals. Multivitamin use and colon cancer mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort (United States). Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects. [, Rautiainen S, Rist PM, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Gaziano JM,Sesso HD. What Is Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health? Essentially all vitamin absorption occurs in the small intestine. Espaol (Spanish) | Print. 1. The immune system is strengthened by a number of active substances found in SP, including vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and linolenic acid [73]. For example, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, in an evidence-based review of the role of MVMs in chronic disease prevention, defined MVMs as products containing at least three vitamins and minerals in amounts below the UL but no herbs, hormones, or drugs [7]. [, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Christen WG, Bubes V, Smith JP, MacFadyen J, et al. Several epidemiological studies and small RCTs have suggested associations between higher intakes of antioxidants or zinc and reduced risk of AMD, although not consistently [30]. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:906-14. MVM and MV supplements have no standard or regulatory definition, such as what nutrients they must contain or in what amounts. These beneficial effects include a significant increase of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells of up to 450%. Improve health or prevent chronic disease The study randomly assigned 14,641 male physicians in the United States aged 50 and older to take a daily MVM (Centrum Silver) or placebo for a median of 11.2 years. Common side effects may include: upset stomach . Nutri-Vet has provided us with their Multi-Vite Paw-Gel for cats that is the best overall supplement available. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:294-304. Studies of the association between MVM use and CVD outcomes have focused on several outcomes, including cardiovascular events and mortality. [, Murphy SP, White KK, Park S-Y, Sharma S. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements' effect on total nutrient intake. Vitamin A (preformed = retinol; beta-carotene can be converted to Vitamin A) 700 micrograms (2,333 IU) 900 micrograms (3,000 IU) Increase nutrient intakes Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD (editors). Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:280S-4S. By age 71 or older, 48% of women and 43% of men were taking supplements. The COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) was a subsequent clinical trial to investigate whether MVMs might help prevent cancer and CVD in both men and women [42]. The rate of death from breast cancer (6.7% of the cohort) was 30% lower among the MVM users than nonusers. Introduction. Females (36%) were more likely to take one than males (31%). A third CVD outcomes study prospectively followed a cohort of 37,193 women ages 45 and older (mean age 54 years) participating in the Women's Health Study who were users (38%) or nonusers (62%) of MVMs (including "a wide range of lower-dose vitamins and minerals") for an average of 16.2 years. However, when a deficiency of one of these vitamins or minerals does occur, symptoms can be seen throughout the body because of their relationship to energy metabolism, which happens in all cells of the body. [, Saldanha LG, Dwyer JT, Haggans CJ, Mills JL, Potischman N. Perspective: Time to resolve confusion on folate amounts, units, and forms in prenatal supplements. Other observational data on multiple outcomes come from a cross-sectional analysis of data from participants in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. The products provided an average of 14 nutrients, although the products with 3 nutrients in 5 trials did not contain a mineral. Check with your physician for additional information about side effects. [. This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. People with healthier diets and lifestyles are more likely to take dietary supplements, making it hard to identify any benefits from their use. In the presence of insulin, the micronutrient combination tested further enhanced this effect up to 1445% over controls. Among the 69.8% who took a dietary supplement (most likely a prenatal MVM supplement), the risk of inadequate intakes of many nutrients was lower. Basic MVMs contain both vitamins and minerals, most in amounts that do not exceed the DVs. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) The greatest improvements in intake were for vitamins A and E and zinc. An analysis of dietary supplement use in the United States from the 20172018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that MVMs (defined as products containing three or more vitamins and at least one mineral) were the most commonly consumed supplement. The DGA adds that infants fed human milk might also require a vitamin B12 supplement if the mother's vitamin B12 status is inadequate, which might occur, for example, if she follows a vegan diet [54]. [, Larsson SC, kesson A, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Multivitamin use and breast cancer incidence in a prospective cohort of Swedish women. Infants and children Vit. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:269S-276S. Absorption of Vitamins. . Obtaining sufficient amounts of folic acid in the periconceptual period reduces the risk of neural tube defects in newborns. Large reserve pool in the liver. During the study, 4,517 died of colon cancer. 1. Multivitamin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease in men. MVM use is also more common among the children of women who take supplements; older adults; individuals with more education, a higher income, a healthier lifestyle and diet, and lower body-mass index (BMI); and residents of the western United States [1,2]. People who take certain blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven), should talk with their health care providers before taking any MVM or dietary supplement containing vitamin K [67,68]. 2007;1:42-55. The investigators calculated nutrient intakes from participants' diets using a food frequency questionnaire and from MVMs (taken by 23%) using the nutrient composition of two commonly used MVMs. Generic Name: Multivitamins, Vision. Check Price on Amazon. Supports overall health: Alpilean also contains vitamins and minerals like . U.S. sales of all dietary supplements totaled an estimated $55.7 billion in 2020, including $21.2 billion for all supplements containing vitamins, minerals, or both, of which $8.0 billion was for MVMs and MVs [4]. In addition, the supplement reduced the risk of cataracts by 9% but did not help prevent AMD [41]. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:806-14. [, Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA. Read the Supplement Facts label to identify MVMs in your supplement product. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2022;1-12. Vitamins and minerals can cause toxicity if consumed in large amounts. BMJ Open 2020;10:e039119. Here are some of the key benefits of consuming red cabbage: Rich in nutrients: Red cabbage is a good source of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin A, potassium, calcium, and iron. The DGA also states that pregnant people might need to take separate supplements of iodine and choline when their health care provider recommends that they do so because many prenatal MVMs do not contain these nutrients or contain only small amounts of them. Revitalize Multi-vitamin and Mineral Complex: Iron (1.5 mg / cap) + Ascorbic acid . [, Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Schwartz M, et al. Participants completed standardized cognitive tests administered over the telephone at baseline and annually for 3 years. Depending on ingredients in the formulaiton may support metabolic functions as well as protein and DNA synthesis. Theres no standard or regulatory definition for MVMs, or any dietary supplement, as to what nutrients they must contain or at what levels. Deficiency: Symptoms include paresthesia, or "pins and needles . Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2335-42. Pregnant and breastfeeding people, adult women, non-Hispanic Blacks, people of low socioeconomic status, and individuals who are underweight or overweight are among the groups with the greatest risk of deficient intakes of one or more nutrients [9]. Use rates by sex and age are 19.5% for men and 26.1% for women ages 1930 years, 25.1% for men and 33.0% for women ages 3150 years, 34.5% for men and 36.2% for women ages 5170 years, and 40.9% for men and 44.0% for women ages 71 years and older. The supplement users reported better overall health than the nonusers, but the results showed no differences in various psychological, physical, or functional health outcomes [37]. JAMA 2017;317:183-9. Many of these products contain numerous ingredients in varied combinations and amounts. [. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. Various government surveys of dietary supplements and popular food-frequency questionnaires also define MVs and MVMs differently, include different examples, or ask about different products. Among children and adolescents, MVM use rates were 11.0% for up to 2 years of age, 34.6% for ages 25 years, 29.5% for ages 611 years, and 17.3% for ages 1219 years [11]. The DGA lists nutrients of special public health concern in American diets, such as calcium, potassium, dietary fiber, and vitamin D in both adults and children. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer. Resveratrol is a natural compound that belongs to a group of polyphenols called stilbenes. Wagner CL, Greer FR, and the Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition. [, Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Vitamins and minerals serve crucial functions in almost all bodily processes and must be obtained from foods or supplements, as our bodies are unable to make them. A 2021 meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (not including the study described above) evaluated the use of MVMs (defined as products that included most vitamins and minerals) by 22,773 individuals and a variety of CVD outcomesincluding total CVD incidence and mortality, MI incidence and mortality, and stroke incidence and mortalityand all-cause mortality [29]. Do not take more . . Target Actions . The compound is produced by plants as a defense mechanism against stress, injury, and infection. The DGA adds that the use of some medications (such as proton pump inhibitors) can decrease absorption of vitamin B12 in foods [54]. JAMA 2012;308:1751-60. Know the Science: 9 Questions To Help You Make Sense of Health Research. Blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals. J Nutr, 2021. People in the United States have taken multi-vitamin/mineral (MVM) and multivitamin (MV) dietary supplements since the early 1940s, when the first such products became available [1]. Shelf Life/Expiry: 1.5 Years or 18 months from the date of manufacturing. Whether studies find any benefits (or risks) of MVMs depends in large part on the combinations and amounts of nutrients in the MVMs used, and these studies' results are not generalizable to the enormous variety of MVMs available in the marketplace. Drug Class: Vitamins, Combos. Vitamin A is effective for the treatment of Vitamin A deficiency. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers among male smokers. However, the study showed that beta-carotene was not a required ingredient; the original AREDS formulation without beta-carotene provided the same protective effect on reducing the risk of advanced AMD as the AREDS2 formulation. A cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of 1,003 pregnant U.S. people aged 20 to 40 years from the 20012014 NHANES found that many consumed less than recommended amounts of many nutrients from diet alone [17]. J Nutr 2021;151:1976-82. This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. It concluded that vitamin and mineral supplements had "little or no benefit" in preventing cancer, CVD, and death, except that MVMs may provide a "small benefit" against cancer. Because people with healthier diets and lifestyles are more likely to use dietary supplements, attributing health benefits that are distinct from the benefits of healthy behaviors to the use of supplements is difficult [13]. For example, a manufacturer might label a product containing vitamins C and E, selenium, zinc, and beta-carotene as an antioxidant formula rather than an MVM. NCCIH has provided this material for your information. Approximately 7476% of the men and 7275% of the women had adequate intakes on average from food alone of the 17 nutrients examined, but use of MVMs increased the prevalence of adequacy to 84% for the men and 83% for the women. A meta-analysis of 20 RCTs investigated whether supplementation with MVMs (whose composition varied by study but that contained multiple nutrients including iron and folic acid) by pregnant people led to better birth outcomes than use of supplements containing only iron with or without folic acid or, in one study, a placebo [33]. Taking a basic MVM that provides nutrients in amounts that are approximately the same as recommended intakes should be safe for healthy people. Honey has a low glycemic index, loaded with polyphenols, enzymes, minerals, and vitamins. Others The USPSTF also noted that beta-carotene supplementation may increase the risk of mortality from CVD. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining, increased urination, stomach bleeding, uneven heart rate, confusion, and muscle weakness or limp feeling. The studies included a total of 91,074 healthy adults (average age 62 years) taking the MVs or MVMs for an average of 43 months, and the investigators reported 8,794 deaths. The result is often a fresh perspective on . Although MVM use might not reduce overall chronic disease risk, several nutrients in MVMs might benefit certain groups of people. about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. After 7.5 years of use, the supplements lowered total cancer incidence by 31% and all-cause mortality rates by 37% in men but not women. The main mechanism of action is through its ability to boost metabolism, reduce appetite, and increase energy levels. Furthermore, investigators define MVMs differently (or sometimes not at all) in their studies to evaluate the potential health effects of these products. Homocysteine to methionine. Rosenberg IH. The supplements did not prevent AMD onset or affect cataract risk. [. Vitamin D production in the skin under the influence of sunlight (UVB) is maximized at levels of sunlight exposure that do not burn the skin. One RCT randomized 1,708 participants aged 50 years and older who had had an MI at least 6 weeks earlier to take a daily MVM containing 27 nutrients (many in doses higher than recommended amounts) for a median of 31 months (range 13 to 60 months) or a placebo as well as their standard medications. Calciumade provides bone and joint care because it has high levels of elemental calcium carbonate that helps strengthen bones, Vitamin D 3 for better calcium absorption, and minerals (magnesium, zinc, and manganese) that help in making joints flexible. It is found in various plants, including grapes, berries, peanuts, and red wine. Mechanism of action of Multivitamin Related doctor hospitals Pharmacy health centres, online consultation, second opinion for Multivitamin Mechanism of action of Multivitamin Published at: 14/11/2016 For more information on safe upper levels of nutrients, visit the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements at: Smokers, and possibly former smokers, should avoid MVM products that provide more than 100% DV for vitamin A (either as preformed retinol or beta-carotene or some combination of the two) because two studies have linked high supplemental doses of these nutrients with an increased risk of lung cancer insmokers. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate.
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